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                  <text>Early Business Games (US and Germany)</text>
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              <name>Creator</name>
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                  <text>Research Project "Business Game as a Cultural Technique" (http://www.kulturtechnik.biz)</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>A General Agricultural Firm Simulator</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>R.F. Hutton / H.R. Hinman (?)</text>
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                <text>1968 (maybe earlier)</text>
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                <text>USA</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology Agricultural Experiment Station, The Pennsylvania State University</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>“The booklet contains detailed instructions intended to promote the use of simulation as a learning tool by reducing the cost of programming those components of a simulation which are applicable to a wide range of problems.” (Graham/Gray 1969, 391)</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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                <text>Rechner</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Graham/Gray 1969, 390f</text>
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                  <text>Early Business Games (US and Germany)</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>List of early business games / business simulations, primarily developed in the USA and Germany</text>
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              <name>Creator</name>
              <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                  <text>Research Project "Business Game as a Cultural Technique" (http://www.kulturtechnik.biz)</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>A.B.C Management Exercise Game</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="72724">
                <text>--</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>1969 (maybe earlier)</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>CH (?)</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>IMEDE, Management Developement Institute, Lausanne</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>“The training purpose is to allow the participant to apply such techniques as cost an analysis, EOQ formulae, funds flow, and price demand analysis in a laboratory situation calling for applications in the areas of planning, communication, and decision making. The game also tests the participant's willingness to innovate.” (Graham/Gray 1969, 176)</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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                <text>Handspiel</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Graham/Gray 1969, 175ff</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Early Business Games (US and Germany)</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>List of early business games / business simulations, primarily developed in the USA and Germany</text>
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            <element elementId="39">
              <name>Creator</name>
              <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                  <text>Research Project "Business Game as a Cultural Technique" (http://www.kulturtechnik.biz)</text>
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      <name>Document</name>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="72731">
                <text>A.S.C.O.T. (Analog Simulation of Competitive Operational Tactics)</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="72732">
                <text>--</text>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="72733">
                <text>1956 bis 1961 </text>
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          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="72734">
                <text>CAN</text>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="72735">
                <text>Imperial Oil Ltd., Montreal Competition Laboratory, Toronto</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Vertriebssteuerung und Bestandsüberwachung; “Operation of up to 5 competing neighborhood service stations in a local trading area. Interactive. Some decisions are completely controlled by participants, and others are made in consultation with umpires who play role of company sales representative, municipal officer, or banker. Managers decide on prices, classes of service, operation, markup, advertising, and sales promotion. Several years of operation are simulated.” (Kibbee/Craft/Nanus 1961, 321; see Imperial Oil Case Study, Chapter 15)</text>
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          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="72737">
                <text>6-teiliger analog-Spezial-Rechner (selbst entwickelt)</text>
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          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="72738">
                <text>Bleicher 1962a, 49; Rohn 1962, Tab; Kibbee/Craft/Nanus 1961, 315ff &amp; Kap. 15; Greenlaw et al. 1962, 297-298; Koller 1969, 108 (FN 50)</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="66192">
                  <text>Early Business Games (US and Germany)</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="66193">
                  <text>List of early business games / business simulations, primarily developed in the USA and Germany</text>
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            <element elementId="39">
              <name>Creator</name>
              <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="66194">
                  <text>Research Project "Business Game as a Cultural Technique" (http://www.kulturtechnik.biz)</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
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      <name>Document</name>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="72739">
                <text>ABKEM Game</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="72740">
                <text>--</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="72741">
                <text>1969 (maybe earlier)</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>USA</text>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="72743">
                <text>--</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>“This non-interactive finance game was designed to be used as a research tool to test hypotheses concerning the use of financial data by people who seek different objectives. Half of the players seek to maximize funds while the others concentrate on maximization of earnings as shown by net profits after taxes. During the four quarters of play, each individual player manages his own wholesale firm, making decisions as to methods of depreciation and inventory, investments, dividend policy, means of company expansion, and performance measurement. For each of the decisions the players tell how they reached their decision, what statements were most useful, and what their decision was. Forms for preparing statements are provided, but the players are not forced to use them. Generally the funds statement was most frequently used by both groups.” (Graham/Gray 1969, 257)</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="72745">
                <text>?</text>
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          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="72746">
                <text>Graham/Gray 1969, 256</text>
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                  <text>Early Business Games (US and Germany)</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>List of early business games / business simulations, primarily developed in the USA and Germany</text>
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              <name>Creator</name>
              <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="66194">
                  <text>Research Project "Business Game as a Cultural Technique" (http://www.kulturtechnik.biz)</text>
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      <name>Document</name>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="72747">
                <text>Accounting for Decisions: A Business Game</text>
              </elementText>
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          </element>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="72748">
                <text>--</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="72749">
                <text>1966 (maybe earlier)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="72750">
                <text>--</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="72751">
                <text>--</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="72752">
                <text>“This is a manual accounting game that provides the participant with experience in making top management decisions concerning the operations of a business and experience in preparing budgets and financial statements for an on-going business. The hypothetical business sells portable power tools to contractors and homeowners. Model A is sold to contractors through salesmen, and Model B is sold to hardwares through wholesalers. The game is not interactive among the teams. The primary task of the participant is the preparation of the budgets and the financial statements which are monitored by the game administrator. Various accounting methods are available to the participant-for example, LIFO or FIFO method, depreciation methods, and others.” (Graham/Gray 1969, 259)</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="72753">
                <text>Handspiel</text>
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          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="72754">
                <text>Graham/Gray 1969, 258f </text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>“The training purpose of Adman is to present to the student some of the problems in selecting efficient advertising and to acquaint him with advertising prices and terms and the advantages of different advertising media.” (Graham/Gray 1969, 378)</text>
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                <text>Handspiel</text>
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                <text>Graham/Gray 1969, 377ff</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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                <text>--</text>
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                <text>“The training purpose is to integrate all the major product and promotional decisions of advertising planning into a realistic learning experience which will enable the participants to project the lessons into their real-life situations. Further purposes are to provide participants with experience in the group dynamics of decision making under pressure.” (Graham/Gray 1969, 379)</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>Aufgebaut auf Monopologs. Ziel: Gewinnmaximierung in einem Flugbüro. Entsch.: Flugpläne, Sitzauslastung, Passagierwerbung (Rohn 1962)</text>
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                <text>Greenlaw et al. 1962, 331f</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="72823">
                <text>--</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>(ausführlich: Pack 1968, 55-57)</text>
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                <text>Handspiel</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Heinz Seeling / Kurt Ahorner/ W. Linnemann</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="72831">
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                <text>Beschaffungs - und Lagerplanung, Lagerungsdisposition mit Hilfe mechanischer Planungsgeräte und Dispositionselemente. Dritte Version PBL &amp; Adaption von Greene/Sisson (Dynamic Management Decision Game 1959)</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="72833">
                <text>?</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>“This game is designed to provide participants with realistic experience in managing a (simulated) company through identifying and utilizing optimal tactical tools and information for strategic decision making.” (Graham/Gray 1969, 177)</text>
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                <text>IBM 650 (Später: IBM 1410; dann: Honeywell 1200; via Data-Phone Link)</text>
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                <text>An Economic Strategy Analysis Game</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="72844">
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                <text>„The game is designed to help participants develop the ability to do business planning with emphasis on formulation, parameters, and revision and to become cognizant of the necessity to develop information about market conditions, advertising, research and development, and manufacturing costs.“ (Graham/Gray 1969, 179) „Mr. [Allen] Harlan was a professor of management at the UA from 1960 to 1966 and wrote a textbook, ‚The Arizona Business Game,’ during his tenure. Before coming to Tucson in 1959, Mr. Harlan was an associate professor at the University of Illinois, worked as a consulting management engineer and business broker and was president and general manager of the Ohmer Corp. of Dayton, Ohio.“ (Tucson Daily Citizen, February 24, 1976, p. 2)</text>
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